Anisogramma anomala
Hazelnuts have been considered divine for ages. We can trace this history back to their mention in a 2838 BC Chinese manuscript as a sacred nourishment bestowed by God.
Currently, commercial groves of these tasty nuts are under siege from an aggressive fungal disease commonly known as Eastern filbert blight.
In case you aren’t already familiar, filbert is an older name for the hazelnut that is still commonly used in the Northwest.
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The fungus that causes this blight, Anisogramma anomala, is considered the worst pathogen to plague hazelnut orchards. If it’s not controlled, it rapidly spreads from tree to tree, and orchard to orchard.
There is no cure for this disease, and it can kill all parts of the tree except the roots.
In addition, the disease has a 12- to 15-month lag time before symptoms manifest.
Read on to learn how to protect your hazelnuts from a potential onslaught.
How to Control Eastern Filbert Blight in Hazelnut Trees
West Coast and East Coast Hazelnuts
There are three different species of hazelnut commonly grown in the US: native American species, Corylus americana, the filbert C. maxima, and the European species, C. avellana.
This includes the ornamental cultivar C. avellana ‘Contorta,’ commonly known as the contorted filbert or Harry Lauder’s walking stick, named after the Scottish entertainer.
High-end hazelnuts of the European variety typically fetch the highest prices, and these are often grown commercially in the Pacific Northwest. These trees don’t tolerate cold as well as the American species.
So, why grow them?
The nuts that they produce are larger and generally considered tastier, and the trees have been bred to perfection for centuries if not thousands of years. This is the type that is commonly used in chocolate confections and it fetches the highest prices.
And then there are the hazelnut trees native to North America – from Canada all the way down to Georgia and Louisiana.
These nuts don’t meet the rarefied standards of the European ones, but the hazelnuts they produce are tasty nonetheless, and they are easy to grow.
Most importantly, the American species tends to be resistant to Eastern filbert blight (EFB), a disease that has done its best to ravish the commercial groves in Oregon and Washington.
If you are growing the European species at home, this can be a problem for you too.
The Encroachment of Eastern Filbert Blight into the Pacific Northwest
The soils and climate of Oregon and Washington State are ideally suited to European hazelnuts, which have been grown there since the mid-1800s.
In particular, Oregon’s Willamette Valley is a haven for these trees and produces more than 99 percent of the country’s hazelnuts. It’s a dream location for growing hazelnuts, with its Mediterranean climate near the ocean.
In addition to ideal soils and temperatures, another plus for this location is that the nuts were grown thousands of miles away from the dreaded EFB – for nearly a century, that is.
However, pathogens do not respect geographical boundaries, and the disease was discovered in Washington State in the 1960s. By 1998, it had spread to the Willamette Valley.
Symptoms
How can you determine if your trees are infected with this blight?
Branches may suddenly die, from July through September.
More subtle signs are collapsed areas of bark on the trunk or stems, known as cankers. You will see them first on new twigs.
American hazelnuts can live almost indefinitely with EFB.
According to Kaitlin Morey Gold of the University of Madison Plant Pathology Department, the trees may not develop any cankers.
If they do, the cankers expand slowly and may cause the loss of occasional branches.
However, it’s another story for European hazelnuts. The cankers will keep growing – up to three feet per year – and can form deep gouges or grooves over time, typically killing an infected tree or shrub within five to 10 years.
Another symptom is the fungal structure that produces the spores – a stroma, or multiple stromata.
The fungus produces these black football-shaped structures within the cankers. The stromata are slightly raised above the branches.
How the Disease Spreads
The spores from the stromata can be splashed by water or blown by wind. People can also spread the disease on their clothes, hands, and gardening tools, or by transporting wood from infected plants.
This fungus is unusual because it doesn’t infect plants through existing wounds. Instead, it infects immature tissue on leaves and stems that are actively growing.
The cankers will not become visible until 12-18 months after infection.
Inspect Your Trees Every Six Months
If you are growing European cultivars, it is imperative that you scout for this disease at least twice a year.
The fungus has a life cycle of two or more years, and your trees are likely to show symptoms within the first two years after planting.
Being able to contain the disease is more likely if you catch it early. If you fail to notice symptoms early on, your orchard may quickly go from having a single canker to hundreds of them.
This process entails examining your trees for cankers and taking action if you find them.
If there are only a few cankers, you can try pruning off the infected tissue. Cut two to three feet below each canker.
Be sure to disinfect your tools after each cut. Dip them in 70 percent alcohol or 10 percent bleach and then let them dry.
If you do not remove the diseased limbs, the whole canopy is likely to die within seven to 15 years after the first sign of infection.
Heavily Infected Trees Must Go
If your tree is covered in cankers, be ruthless and remove it. If you don’t, the fungus will keep producing spores, and this will cause new infections in nearby trees.
Burn your infected tree if this is permissible in your area. Otherwise, you should bury it deep in the ground or cut it into chips and let them dry to kill the fungus.
How to Prevent Infection
Fortunately, there are steps you can take to prevent infection if you are growing European cultivars:
Plant Resistant Cultivars
‘Barcelona,’ a high-yielding and vigorous cultivar, was once the primary variety grown in 60-70 percent of orchards in the Pacific Northwest.
It produces medium to large round nuts, with excellent flavor.
What’s its downside? It is only moderately resistant to EFB. This feature has resulted in more limited commercial planting in recent years.
As of 2017, the percentage of ‘Barcelona’ hazelnuts that were planted in Oregon had dropped by half.
Other varieties are being planted today that have more resistance to EFB, according to the Hazelnut Growers of Oregon.
With support from the hazelnut industry, Oregon State University (OSU) has been breeding hazelnuts since 2007 to develop new cultivars to replace ‘Barcelona.’
Recent cultivars produced by Dr. Shawn Mehlenbacher and his team at OSU include ‘PollyO,’ ‘Yamhill,’ ‘Wepster,’ ‘Jefferson,’ and ‘Dorris.’
‘PollyO,’ named after industry stalwart Polly Owen, produces nuts that are suitable for use in chocolate and baked goods.
While these cultivars can still get cankers, this will occur infrequently if a tree is infected, and the cankers may not produce spores.
Unfortunately, there are strains of the fungus that can overcome the gene resistance in these varieties.
If you want to grow hazelnuts on the East Coast, you are better off sticking with the local species, C. americana, rather than growing the resistant cultivars that are popular on the West Coast.
The State of Oregon does its best to keep the disease out by restricting the cultivars that can be imported from other states.
Plant Resistant Pollinizers
You know how it’s recommended that you grow more than one variety of hazelnut tree for cross-pollination? American hazelnuts can actually self-pollinate, but European species are self-incompatible, so you need to grow more than one variety.
If you are growing just a few hazelnut trees, you can just plant two or three of the same cultivar, so they will pollinate each other.
However, if you plan on growing an orchard, you should consider adding different cultivars to your repertoire – and you need to make sure these are resistant to the disease.
Resistant pollinizers include:
- ‘Gamma’ – cross-pollinates ‘Barcelona’
- ‘Felix’ – cross-pollinates ‘Ennis’
- ‘Zeta’ – cross-pollinates ‘Sacajawea’
- ‘Epsilon’ – cross-pollinates ‘Lewis’
- ‘Delta’ – cross-pollinates ‘Clark’
These trees have similar bloom times, and they make good partners for promoting high yields.
Control Suckers
Suckers that sprout from the base of the stem are usually pruned out anyway, so that energy will be focused into the main stem or “leader.”
However, if you need an additional incentive to prune them, suckers can also be sources of spores that can spread to other trees.
While suckers can be pruned in the summer, spring is the perfect time to do so, because you can prune them while they are small and before they harden off.
Treat with Fungicide
While there is no cure for Eastern filbert blight, fungicide treatments can protect against new infections if applied properly.
You will need to apply a fungicide four times per season to adequately protect your trees, starting at budbreak. Be sure to thoroughly cover all of the branches.
You should treat resistant cultivars as well, in the first spring after planting.
Start when the buds begin to swell, and spray every two weeks for a total of four treatments over the course of eight weeks.
Make sure to alternate or mix fungicides with different modes of action.
Bonide Fung-onil Multi Purpose Fungicide
Fungicides recommended for home gardeners to treat Eastern filbert blight include Bonide Fung-onil Multi Purpose Fungicide, available from Home Depot.
As described by George Plaven in 2018 in an article in the Capital Press, a detailed study on the use of fungicides in commercial hazelnut orchards found that their use could net growers an extra $4,274 an acre.
This study bodes well for home gardeners, since they should also have the potential for much higher yields after using fungicides to treat the infection.
And more importantly – their use bought time for researchers to develop resistant cultivars, thus saving the industry.
There Is Hope for Hazelnut Growers
Fortunately, the American hazelnut cultivars grown on the East Coast can live in harmony with Eastern filbert blight.
If only that were the case for the prized European cultivars grown on the West Coast… It was dire news indeed when EFB was discovered in Washington and then Oregon in the last century.
However, the combination of fungicides and new resistant cultivars available today has greatly improved the odds of success for growing these delectable and highly sought after nuts.
Do you have a horror story to share about Eastern filbert blight, or a tale of redemption? Either way, let us know in the comments.
And read on to learn more about diseases of nut trees in these articles:
- How to Identify and Treat Pecan Twig Dieback Disease
- How to Identify and Treat Pecan Stem End Blight
- How to Prevent and Mitigate Almond Hull Rot
© Ask the Experts, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. See our TOS for more details. Product photo via Home Depot. Uncredited photos: Shutterstock. With additional writing and editing by Allison Sidhu and Clare Groom.
I have had a beautiful contorted filbert for years. Never knew about the shoots that grow near the base. Half of it has had no leaves for a yr. I thought it was affected by a previous drought 2 yrs ago. Now I know more thanks to great info online from gardeners. I will check the soil, trim out what it needs, and see what happens. It is about 16 ft tall have enjoyed it! Plus I will get the treatment recommended at Home Depot! Maybe I can save Harry, he’s so cool.
Good luck with your tree! Let us know how you get on treating your tree.
My beautiful 20 year old filbert is dying a slow death–covered in cankers and all the other awful symptoms. Must I cut it down and dispose of it, or may i enjoy its twisted beauty for a few more years? Is the disease dangerous to my other (non-filbert) trees and shrubs, including a hemlock hedge? Thanks for the sad but helpful article.
Sorry to hear it, Bev! Though Anisogramma anomala is not known to infect non-hazel species (plants not belonging to the Corylus genus), the spores may spread to other plantings and wild trees not on your own property. Removal of infected branches as well as severely diseased trees is recommended.
My parents had 3 Hazelnut trees when my father had a stroke at 77 years old. He lived until 90 but the trees didn’t. The suckers were so huge they were producing nuts though so I just trimmed out everything cankered. The squirrels get the nuts before they hit the ground but their food trees are few due to new construction so I let them be. I have been trimming out new suckers twice a year and that seems to help with more sun and ventilation but I need to ID the trees. They are probably American since they were… Read more »
Hi Larry, I’m sorry to hear about the loss of your father. Can you take a photo of the trees and the foliage and upload it so we can help you identify them?